Two passages in Ibn al-Khaṭīb's account of the kings of Christian Iberia

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Intervening Effects of the Personality Dimension Agreeableness on Negotiation Strategy Selection in Budget Negotiations

This paper presents results of an experiment testing how the personality dimension agreeableness interacts with different organizational factors to affect the strategy chosen when entering a budget negotiation. Prior budget research suggests firms invite subordinates into budget negotiations primarily to elicit private information from subordinate managers. However, criticism of traditional budgeting processes suggests subordinates will act strategically in such negotiations, limiting the effectiveness of inviting managers into budget negotiations. This study hypothesizes the factors most criticized, including budget targets in performance evaluation, will interact with certain organizational factors, connectedness of organizational units, and an individual personality dimension to significantly affect the amount of information managers share through the choice of negotiation strategy. Results indicate such interaction may impact how and to what extent information is shared in the budget negotiation, suggesting important implications for how budget managers approach budget negotiations

Hunger Artists: Yeast Adapted to Carbon Limitation Show Trade-Offs under Carbon Sufficiency

As organisms adaptively evolve to a new environment, selection results in the improvement of certain traits, bringing about an increase in fitness. Trade-offs may result from this process if function in other traits is reduced in alternative environments either by the adaptive mutations themselves or by the accumulation of neutral mutations elsewhere in the genome. Though the cost of adaptation has long been a fundamental premise in evolutionary biology, the existence of and molecular basis for trade-offs in alternative environments are not well-established. Here, we show that yeast evolved under aerobic glucose limitation show surprisingly few trade-offs when cultured in other carbon-limited environments, under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. However, while adaptive clones consistently outperform their common ancestor under carbon limiting conditions, in some cases they perform less well than their ancestor in aerobic, carbon-rich environments, indicating that trade-offs can appear when resources are non-limiting. To more deeply understand how adaptation to one condition affects performance in others, we determined steady-state transcript abundance of adaptive clones grown under diverse conditions and performed whole-genome sequencing to identify mutations that distinguish them from one another and from their common ancestor. We identified mutations in genes involved in glucose sensing, signaling, and transport, which, when considered in the context of the expression data, help explain their adaptation to carbon poor environments. However, different sets of mutations in each independently evolved clone indicate that multiple mutational paths lead to the adaptive phenotype. We conclude that yeasts that evolve high fitness under one resource-limiting condition also become more fit under other resource-limiting conditions, but may pay a fitness cost when those same resources are abundant

The Moderating Effects of the Big Five Personality Traits on the Relationship Between Budgetary Participation and Motivation

This dissertation presents an experiment exploring the moderating effects of individual differences in personality on the motivational effects of increased participation in setting budget goals. This experiment hypothesizes that individual differences in personality will correlate with changes in the strength and/or direction of participation\u27s effect on individual motivation to reach the budget goal. To test these hypotheses an experiment was conducted utilizing undergraduate students as proxies for front line managers. The experiment used a basic decoding task similar to tasks used in many participative budgeting experiments and manipulated participation in establishing a budget target for the number of items to decode at three levels. Instruments measuring the participant\u27s personality according to the Big Five personality traits, perception of participation and motivation were administered during the experiment. A regression analysis was conducted to assess the correlation of perception of participation, levels of each of the five personality dimensions and interactions between perception of participation and each of the five personality dimensions with motivation. Results indicate an interaction between levels of the personality trait neuroticism and perception of participation correlating with a significant reduction in motivation. These results suggest a implementation of a participative budgeting system intended to increase motivation to achieve the budget goal may in fact result in lower motivation if the managers participating in the system possess higher levels of neuroticism. Moreover, a supplemental analysis of the data used in this analysis suggests the personality traits agreeableness and conscientiousness may correlate with consistently higher perceptions of personality